Victoria X Lin - Fun with Language Computing

About Me

I am a senior research scientist at Salesforce Research. I develop novel machine learning solutions for natural language understanding problems. I am also broadly interested in leveraging AI to help people become more productive in professional and everyday life.

My recent research has been under the following themes:

Natural Language Driven Mixed-Initiative Human-Machine Interaction: Learning to map user utterances to executable machine instructions in complex scenarios; building natural language powered software interfaces.
Joint Representation of Textual and Symbolic Knowledge: Learning novel representations that effectively contextualize textual and symbolic knowledge to power downstream AI systems.
Fairness and Accountability: Mitigating unwanted biases in machine learning models; uncertainty modeling in decision making; uncovering social biases via statistical methods.

Previously I was a graduate student at the Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, working with Luke Zettlemoyer and Michael D. Ernst on data-driven natural language programming.

Research Highlights

Photon is a deep learning based cross-domain natural language interface to databases that focuses on factual lookups. It allows end users to query a number of relational DBs in natural language, including DBs it has never been trained on. The core of the system is a strong neural text-to-SQL semantic parser trained using thousands of NL-SQL pairs grounded to hundreds of DBs. Photon adopts the principle of better saying no than making a mistake and validates the input question before executing the neural semantic parser, which significantly improves its robustness.
Ask Photon questions about the data and tease out its power. [ACL'20 System Demonstration]

Tellina is an end-user scripting assistant that can be queried via natural language. It translates a natural language sentence typed by the user into a piece of short, executable script. The underlying models are neural encoder-decoders trained on NL-script pairs collected by programming experts from online tutorials and question-answering forums. We instantiate the prototype in Bash.
This work poses several challenges including scalable data collection, never-ending learning and personalization, most of which are central to all practical semantic parsing systems. [LREC'18, UW-CSE-TR'17]

Publications

2020

Bridging Textual and Tabular Data for Cross-Domain Text-to-SQL Semantic Parsing.
Xi Victoria Lin, Richard Socher, Caiming Xiong.
EMNLP 2020 Findings.
To Appear Abstract Bibtex

@inproceedings{LinRX2018:MultiHopKG,
  author = {Xi Victoria Lin and Richard Socher and Caiming Xiong},
  title = {Bridging Textual and Tabular Data for Cross-Domain Text-to-SQL Semantic Parsing},
  booktitle = {Findings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP Findings} 2020, November 16th-20th, 2020},
  year = {2020}
}

GraPPa: Grammar-Augmented Pre-Training for Table Semantic Parsing.
Tao Yu, Chien-Sheng Wu, Xi Victoria Lin, Bailin Wang, Yi Chern Tan, Xinyi Yang, Dragomir Radev, Richard Socher, Caiming Xiong.
ArXiv 2020.
PDF Abstract Bibtex

We present GraPPa, an effective pre-training approach for table semantic parsing that learns a compositional inductive bias in the joint representations of textual and tabular data. We construct synthetic question-SQL pairs over high-quality tables via a synchronous context-free grammar (SCFG) induced from existing text-to-SQL datasets. We pre-train our model on the synthetic data using a novel text-schema linking objective that predicts the syntactic role of a table field in the SQL for each question-SQL pair. To maintain the model's ability to represent real-world data, we also include masked language modeling (MLM) over several existing table-and-language datasets to regularize the pre-training process. On four popular fully supervised and weakly supervised table semantic parsing benchmarks, GraPPa significantly outperforms RoBERTa-large as the feature representation layers and establishes new state-of-the-art results on all of them.

@article{yu2020grappa,
  title={GraPPa: Grammar-Augmented Pre-Training for Table Semantic Parsing},
  author={Yu, Tao and Wu, Chien-Sheng and Lin, Xi Victoria and Wang, Bailin and Tan, Yi Chern and Yang, Xinyi and Radev, Dragomir and Socher, Richard and Xiong, Caiming},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.13845},
  year={2020}
}

Photon: A Robust Cross-Domain Text-to-SQL System.
Jichuan Zeng*, Xi Victoria Lin*, Caiming Xiong, Richard Socher, Michael R. Lyu, Irwin King, Steven C.H. Hoi.
* Equal Contribution
ACL 2020 System Demonstration.
PDF Abstract Bibtex Blog Talk Slides Live Demo

Natural language interfaces to databases (NLIDB) democratize end user access to relational data. Due to fundamental differences between natural language communication and programming, it is common for end users to issue questions that are ambiguous to the system or fall outside the semantic scope of its underlying query language. We present Photon, a robust, modular, cross-domain NLIDB that can flag natural language input to which a SQL mapping cannot be immediately determined. Photon consists of a strong neural semantic parser (63.2\% structure accuracy on the Spider dev benchmark), a human-in-the-loop question corrector, a SQL executor and a response generator. The question corrector is a discriminative neural sequence editor which detects confusion span(s) in the input question and suggests rephrasing until a translatable input is given by the user or a maximum number of iterations are conducted. Experiments on simulated data show that the proposed method effectively improves the robustness of text-to-SQL system against untranslatable user input. The live demo of our system is available at http://www.naturalsql.com.

@inproceedings{zeng-etal-2020-photon,
    title = "{P}hoton: A Robust Cross-Domain Text-to-{SQL} System",
    author = "Zeng, Jichuan  and
      Lin, Xi Victoria  and
      Xiong, Caiming  and
      Socher, Richard  and
      Lyu, Michael  and
      King, Irwin and
      Hoi, Steven C.H."
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations",
    month = jul,
    year = "2020",
    address = "Online",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.acl-demos.24",
    pages = "204--214"
}

Double-Hard Debias: Tailoring Word Embeddings for Gender Bias Mitigation.
Tianlu Wang, Xi Victoria Lin, Nazeen Fatema Rajani, Bryan McCann, Vicente Ordonez and Caiming Xiong.
ACL 2020.
PDF Abstract Bibtex Blog

Word embeddings derived from human-generated corpora inherit strong gender bias which can be further amplified by downstream models. Some commonly adopted debiasing approaches, including the seminal Hard Debias algorithm, apply post-processing procedures that project pre-trained word embeddings into a subspace orthogonal to an inferred gender subspace. We discover that semantic-agnostic corpus regularities such as word frequency captured by the word embeddings negatively impact the performance of these algorithms. We propose a simple but effective technique, Double Hard Debias, which purifies the word embeddings against such corpus regularities prior to inferring and removing the gender subspace. Experiments on three bias mitigation benchmarks show that our approach preserves the distributional semantics of the pre-trained word embeddings while reducing gender bias to a significantly larger degree than prior approaches.

@InProceedings{Wang2020:double_hard_debias,
  author    = {Tianlu Wang, Xi Victoria Lin, Nazeen Fatema Rajani, Bryan McCann, Vicente Ordonez and Caiming Xiong},
  title     = {Double-Hard Debias: Tailoring Word Embeddings for Gender Bias Mitigation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2020},
  address   = {Seattle, Washington, USA},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics}
}

ColloQL: Robust Cross-Domain Text-to-SQL Over Search Queries.
Karthik Radhakrishnan, Arvind Srikantan, Xi Victoria Lin.
EMNLP 2020 Workshop: Interactive and Executable Semantic Parsing.
PDF Abstract Bibtex

Translating natural language utterances to executable queries is a helpful technique in making the vast amount of data stored in relational databases accessible to a wider range of non-tech-savvy end users. Prior work in this area has largely focused on textual input that is linguistically correct and semantically unambiguous. However, real-world user queries are often succinct, colloquial, and noisy, resembling the input of a search engine. In this work, we introduce data augmentation techniques and a sampling-based content-aware BERT model (ColloQL) to achieve robust text-to-SQL modeling over natural language search (NLS) questions. Due to the lack of evaluation data, we curate a new dataset of NLS questions and demonstrate the efficacy of our approach. ColloQL's superior performance extends to well-formed text, achieving 84.9\% (logical) and 90.7\% (execution) accuracy on the WikiSQL dataset, making it, to the best of our knowledge, the highest performing model that does not use execution guided decoding.

2019

CoSQL: A Conversational Text-to-SQL Challenge Towards Cross-Domain Natural Language Interfaces to Databases.
Tao Yu, Rui Zhang, Heyang Er, Suyi Li, Eric Xue, Bo Pang, Xi Victoria Lin, Yi Chern Tan, Tianze Shi, Zihan Li, Youxuan Jiang, Michihiro Yasunaga, Sungrok Shim, Tao Chen, Alexander Fabbri, Zifan Li, Luyao Chen, Yuwen Zhang, Shreya Dixit, Vincent Zhang, Caiming Xiong, Richard Socher, Walter Lasecki and Dragomir Radev
EMNLP 2019.
PDF Abstract Bibtex Leaderboard

We present CoSQL, a corpus for building cross-domain, general-purpose database (DB) querying dialogue systems. It consists of 30k+ turns plus 10k+ annotated SQL queries, obtained from a Wizard-of-Oz (WOZ) collection of 3k dialogues querying 200 complex DBs spanning 138 domains. Each dialogue simulates a real-world DB query scenario with a crowd worker as a user exploring the DB and a SQL expert retrieving answers with SQL, clarifying ambiguous questions, or otherwise informing of unanswerable questions. When user questions are answerable by SQL, the expert describes the SQL and execution results to the user, hence maintaining a natural interaction flow. CoSQL introduces new challenges compared to existing task-oriented dialogue datasets: (1) the dialogue states are grounded in SQL, a domain-independent executable representation, instead of domain-specific slot-value pairs, and (2) because testing is done on unseen databases, success requires generalizing to new domains. CoSQL includes three tasks: SQL-grounded dialogue state tracking, response generation from query results, and user dialogue act prediction. We evaluate a set of strong baselines for each task and show that CoSQL presents significant challenges for future research.

@inproceedings{Yu2019:cosql,
  author = {Tao Yu, Rui Zhang, Heyang Er, Suyi Li, Eric Xue, Bo Pang, Xi Victoria Lin, Yi Chern Tan, Tianze Shi, Zihan Li, Youxuan Jiang, Michihiro Yasunaga, Sungrok Shim, Tao Chen, Alexander Fabbri, Zifan Li, Luyao Chen, Yuwen Zhang, Shreya Dixit, Vincent Zhang, Caiming Xiong, Richard Socher, Walter Lasecki and Dragomir Radev},
  title = {CoSQL: A Conversational Text-to-SQL Challenge Towards Cross-Domain Natural Language Interfaces to Databases},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2019, Hong Kong, November 3-November 7, 2019},
  year = {2019}
}

Editing-based SQL Query Generation for Cross-Domain Context-Dependent Questions.
Rui Zhang, Tao Yu, Heyang Er, Sungrok Shim, Eric Xue, Xi Victoria Lin, Tianze Shi, Caiming Xiong, Richard Socher and Dragomir Radev.
EMNLP 2019.
PDF Abstract Bibtex

We focus on the cross-domain context-dependent text-to-SQL generation task. Based on the observation that adjacent natural language questions are often linguistically dependent and their corresponding SQL queries tend to overlap, we utilize the interaction history by editing the previous predicted query to improve the generation quality. Our editing mechanism views SQL as sequences and reuses generation results at the token level in a simple manner. It is flexible to change individual tokens and robust to error propagation. Furthermore, to deal with complex table structures in different domains, we employ an utterance-table encoder and a table-aware decoder to incorporate the context of the user utterance and the table schema. We evaluate our approach on the SParC dataset and demonstrate the benefit of editing compared with the state-of-the-art baselines which generate SQL from scratch.

@inproceedings{Zhang2019:Editing,
  author = {Rui Zhang, Tao Yu, Heyang Er, Sungrok Shim, Eric Xue, Xi Victoria Lin, Tianze Shi, Caiming Xiong, Richard Socher and Dragomir Radev},
  title = {Editing-based SQL Query Generation for Cross-Domain Context-Dependent Questions},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2019, Hong Kong, November 3-November 7, 2019},
  year = {2019}
}

SParC: Cross-Domain Semantic Parsing in Context.
Tao Yu, Rui Zhang, Michihiro Yasunaga, Yi Chern Tan, Xi Victoria Lin, Suyi Li, Heyang Er, Irene Li, Bo Pang, Tao Chen, Emily Ji, Shreya Dixit, David Proctor, Sungrok Shim, Jonathan Kraft, Vincent Zhang, Caiming Xiong, Richard Socher, Dragomir Radev.
ACL 2019.
PDF Abstract Bibtex Leaderboard

We present SParC, a dataset for cross-domain Semantic Parsing in Context. It consists of 4,298 coherent question sequences (12k+ individual questions annotated with SQL queries), obtained from controlled user interactions with 200 complex databases over 138 domains. We provide an in-depth analysis of SParC and show that it introduces new challenges compared to existing datasets. SParC (1) demonstrates complex contextual dependencies, (2) has greater semantic diversity, and (3) requires generalization to new domains due to its cross-domain nature and the unseen databases at test time. We experiment with two state-of-the-art text-to-SQL models adapted to the context-dependent, cross-domain setup. The best model obtains an exact match accuracy of 20.2% over all questions and less than 10% over all interaction sequences, indicating that the cross-domain setting and the contextual phenomena of the dataset present significant challenges for future research.

@InProceedings{Yu2019:sparc,
  author    = {Tao Yu and Rui Zhang and Michihiro Yasunaga and Yi Chern Tan and Xi Victoria Lin and Suyi Li and Heyang Er, Irene Li and Bo Pang and Tao Chen and Emily Ji and Shreya Dixit and David Proctor and Sungrok Shim and Jonathan Kraft, Vincent Zhang and Caiming Xiong and Richard Socher and Dragomir Radev},
  title     = {SParC: Cross-Domain Semantic Parsing in Context},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2019},
  address   = {Florence, Italy},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics}
}

2018 and Before

Multi-Hop Knowledge Graph Reasoning with Reward Shaping.
Xi Victoria Lin, Richard Socher and Caiming Xiong.
EMNLP 2018.
PDF Abstract Bibtex Talk Code

Multi-hop reasoning is an effective approach for query answering (QA) over incomplete knowledge graphs (KGs). The problem can be formulated in a reinforcement learning (RL) setup, where a policy-based agent sequentially extends its inference path until it reaches a target. However, in an incomplete KG environment, the agent receives low-quality rewards corrupted by false negatives in the training data, which harms generalization at test time. Furthermore, since no golden action sequence is used for training, the agent can be misled by spurious search trajectories that incidentally lead to the correct answer. We propose two modeling advances to address both issues: (1) we reduce the impact of false negative supervision by adopting a pretrained one-hop embedding model to estimate the reward of unobserved facts; (2) we counter the sensitivity to spurious paths of on-policy RL by forcing the agent to explore a diverse set of paths using randomly generated edge masks. Our approach significantly improves over existing path-based KGQA models on several benchmark datasets and is comparable or better than embedding-based models.

@inproceedings{LinRX2018:MultiHopKG,
  author = {Xi Victoria Lin and Richard Socher and Caiming Xiong},
  title = {Multi-Hop Knowledge Graph Reasoning with Reward Shaping},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural
               Language Processing, {EMNLP} 2018, Brussels, Belgium, October
               31-November 4, 2018},
  year = {2018}
}

NL2Bash: A Corpus and Semantic Parser for Natural Language Interface to the Linux Operating System.
Xi Victoria Lin, Chenglong Wang, Luke Zettlemoyer and Michael D. Ernst.
LREC 2018.
PDF Abstract Bibtex Dataset & Code

We present new data and semantic parsing methods for the problem of mapping english sentences to Bash commands (NL2Bash). Our long-term goal is to enable any user to easily solve otherwise repetitive tasks (such as file manipulation, search, and application-specific scripting) by simply stating their intents in English. We take a first step in this domain, by providing a large new dataset of challenging but commonly used commands paired with their English descriptions, along with the baseline methods to establish performance levels on this task.

@inproceedings{LinWZE2018:NL2Bash,
      author = {Xi Victoria Lin and Chenglong Wang and Luke Zettlemoyer and Michael D. Ernst},
      title = {NL2Bash: A Corpus and Semantic Parser for Natural Language Interface to the Linux Operating System},
      booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources
                   and Evaluation {LREC} 2018, Miyazaki (Japan), 7-12 May, 2018.},
      year = {2018}
    }

Program Synthesis from Natural Language Using Recurrent Neural Networks.
Xi Victoria Lin, Chenglong Wang, Deric Pang, Kevin Vu, Luke Zettlemoyer, Michael D. Ernst.
University of Washington Department of Computer Science and Engineering Technical Report 2017.
PDF Abstract Bibtex Tellina Tool

Even if a competent programmer knows what she wants to do and can describe it in English, it can still be difficult to write code to achieve the goal. Existing resources, such as question-and-answer websites, tabulate specific operations that someone has wanted to perform in the past, but they are not effective in generalizing to new tasks, to compound tasks that require combining previous questions, or sometimes even to variations of listed tasks.

Our goal is to make programming easier and more productive by letting programmers use their own words and concepts to express the intended operation, rather than forcing them to accommodate the machine by memorizing its grammar. We have built a system that lets a programmer describe a desired operation in natural language, then automatically translates it to a programming language for review and approval by the programmer. Our system, Tellina, does the translation using recurrent neural networks (RNNs), a state-of-the-art natural language processing technique that we augmented with slot (argument) filling and other enhancements.

We evaluated Tellina in the context of shell scripting. We trained Tellina's RNNs on textual descriptions of file system operations and bash one-liners, scraped from the web. Although recovering completely correct commands is challenging, Tellina achieves top-3 accuracy of 80% for producing the correct command structure. In a controlled study, programmers who had access to Tellina outperformed those who did not, even when Tellina's predictions were not completely correct, to a statistically significant degree.

@techreport{LinWPVZE2017:TR,
      author = {Xi Victoria Lin and Chenglong Wang and Deric Pang and Kevin Vu and Luke Zettlemoyer and Michael D. Ernst},
      title = {Program synthesis from natural language using recurrent neural networks},
      institution = {University of Washington Department of Computer Science and Engineering},
      number = {UW-CSE-17-03-01},
      address = {Seattle, WA, USA},
      month = mar,
      year = {2017}
    }

Compositional Learning of Embeddings for Relation Paths in Knowledge Bases and Text.
Kristina Toutanova, Xi Victoria Lin, Scott Wen-tau Yih, Hoifung Poon and Chris Quirk.
ACL 2016.
PDF Abstract Bibtex

Modeling relation paths has offered significant gains in embedding models for knowledge base (KB) completion. However, enumerating paths between two entities is very expensive, and existing approaches typically resort to approximation with a sampled subset. This problem is particularly acute when text is jointly modeled with KB relations and used to provide direct evidence for facts mentioned in it. In this paper, we propose the first exact dynamic programming algorithm which enables efficient incorporation of all relation paths of bounded length, while modeling both relation types and intermediate nodes in the compositional path representations. We conduct a theoretical analysis of the efficiency gain from the approach. Experiments on two datasets show that it addresses representational limitations in prior approaches and improves accuracy in KB completion.

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/ToutanovaLYPQ16,
      author    = {Kristina Toutanova and
                   Victoria Lin and
                   Wen{-}tau Yih and
                   Hoifung Poon and
                   Chris Quirk},
      title     = {Compositional Learning of Embeddings for Relation Paths in Knowledge
                   Base and Text},
      booktitle = {Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
                   Linguistics, {ACL} 2016, August 7-12, 2016, Berlin, Germany, Volume
                   1: Long Papers},
      year      = {2016},
      crossref  = {DBLP:conf/acl/2016-1},
      url       = {http://aclweb.org/anthology/P/P16/P16-1136.pdf},
      timestamp = {Mon, 15 Aug 2016 20:10:51 +0200},
      biburl    = {http://dblp.org/rec/bib/conf/acl/ToutanovaLYPQ16},
      bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, http://dblp.org}
      }

    @proceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/2016-1,
      title     = {Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
                   Linguistics, {ACL} 2016, August 7-12, 2016, Berlin, Germany, Volume
                   1: Long Papers},
      publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
      year      = {2016},
      url       = {http://aclanthology.info/volumes/proceedings-of-the-54th-annual-meeting-of-the-association-for-computational-linguistics-volume-1-long-papers},
      isbn      = {978-1-945626-00-5},
      timestamp = {Mon, 15 Aug 2016 15:53:28 +0200},
      biburl    = {http://dblp.org/rec/bib/conf/acl/2016-1},
      bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, http://dblp.org}
    }

Multi-label Learning with Posterior Regularization.
Xi Victoria Lin, Sameer Singh, Luheng He, Ben Taskar, and Luke Zettlemoyer.
NeurIPS 2014 Workshop: Modern Machine Learning and NLP.
PDF Abstract Bibtex

In many multi-label learning problems, especially as the number of labels grow, it is challenging to gather completely annotated data. This work presents a new approach for multi-label learning from incomplete annotations. The main assumption is that because of label correlation, the true label matrix as well as the soft predictions of classifiers shall be approximately low rank. We introduce a posterior regularization technique which enforces soft constraints on the classifiers, regularizing them to prefer sparse and low-rank predictions. Avoiding strict low-rank constraints results in classifiers which better fit the real data. The model can be trained efficiently using EM and stochastic gradient descent. Experiments in both the image and text domains demonstrate the contributions of each modeling assumption and show that the proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on a number of challenging datasets..

@InProceedings{lin14_prlr,
      author =   {Xi Victoria Lin and Sameer Singh and Luheng He and Ben Taskar and Luke Zettlemoyer},
      title =    {Multi-label Learning with Posterior Regularization},
      booktitle =  {NeurIPS Workshop on Modern Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing},
      year =     2014,
      month = 12,
      address={Montreal, Quebec, CA},
      url={http://homes.cs.washington.edu/~xilin/pubs/mlnlp2014.pdf}
    }

Service

Organizing Committee

	2020
INT‑EX	◽
NLC2CMD	◽

Program Committee

	2020	2019	2018	2017	2016	2015
ICML		◽
ACL	◽	◽	◽	◽
EMNLP	◽		◽	◽	◽	◽
NAACL		◽
AACL	◽
COLING			◽
CoNLL			◽
NLI	◽

Miscellaneous

I was a PhD student of the late Ben Taskar.

The Taskar Center for Accessible Technology (TCAT) was lauched by Anat Caspi in November, 2014. I am excited about its mission. Anat's expertise and unique perspective would lead to accessible technologies that could change the life for many.

I'm fascinated by different kinds of puzzles. At some point I tried to make a few: Sea Virus, Chocolate Crush.

Victoria Lin 林曦

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